![]() ![]() Thus, a secondary aim of this dissertation is to highlight the contribution that endangered and under-documented languages can make to linguistic theory by expanding our understanding of the full range of human language structures. If it started after the release, it was called. If the pulsing started in the consonantal closure and continued to the stop release and beyond, it was treated as an instance of voicing lead. That is, the orientation was toward speech articulation. Alternative approaches to explaining laryngeal properties which can account for more language-specific variation are better suited to explaining the results found in this study.Įach of the three languages studied in this project are endangered, under threat, and under-documented. tion between the moment of the release of the stop and the onset of glottal pulsing (see Fig. These results challenge universalist and markedness proposals which predict more uniformity when there is a lack of a contrast. The results from this study suggest that while there are general phonetic processes which pose constraints on laryngeal properties in NVD languages, each of the three languages differed with regard to the implementation of these constraints. Results add to the discussions which relate to universal defaults, underspecification, and markedness principles in phonological systems. Overall, the findings from this dissertation serve to bridge the gap between phonetic science and phonological approaches to laryngeal properties. Five acoustic properties commonly associated with voicing distinctions were measured: total oral stop duration, rate of lenition, phonated and silent closure duration, voice onset time (VOT), and preceding vowel duration. English listeners, for instance, perceive a stop segment as voiceless, which is characterized by a long stop closure, when the preceding vowel has been shortened e.g., Kluender et al. The voice onset time (VOT) is a temporal acoustic. In a similar vein, the duration of stop closure is assessed in relation to the duration of a neighboring vowel. The acoustic properties of NVD languages can be compared with patterns seen in languages with laryngeal contrasts as well as compared across the three languages to determine what phonetic patterns are shared across NVD languages.Īcoustic correlates of voicing distinctions were measured from labial, coronal, and velar oral stops in four phonological contexts: phrase-initial, intervocalic, post-nasal, and phrase-final. Keywords: Articulation Consonant Acoustics Speech Stop consonants Voice onset time. Although NVD languages do not have a voicing distinction, there are a number of commonly accepted acoustic correlates of laryngeal properties that are based on observations from languages with a voicing distinction. NVD languages do not use the larynx to produce any contrasts, and therefore present an opportunity to determine whether laryngeal defaults will emerge in this situation. NVD languages do not utilize the larynx to maintain a contrast between any two sounds in their phoneme inventory. This study investigates the phonetic properties of oral stops in three No Voicing Distinction (NVD) languages Bardi (bcj), Arapaho (arp), and Sierra Norte de Puebla Nahuatl (azz). This gives rise to some debate regarding which aspects of voicing patterns arise from inherent articulatory effects related to the production of a voicing distinction, and which aspects are intentional adjustments by speakers meant to enhance a phonological contrast. It is further shown that tongue root advancement is initiated during the vowel, and vowel duration and tongue root position at vowel offset are positively correlated so that longer vowel durations correspond to greater tongue root advancement.Almost all studies on the phonetics of oral stop voicing patterns focus on languages with a voicing distinction. Drawing from acoustic and ultrasound tongue imaging data from 17 speakers of Italian and Polish in total, it is proposed that the comparatively later closure onset of voiced stops is responsible for both greater root advancement and shorter closure durations of voiced stops. In this paper, it is argued that vowel duration and tongue root advancement have a direct statistical relationship. Tongue root advancement is known to be an articulatory mechanism, which ensures the right pressure conditions for the maintenance of voicing during closure as dictated by the aerodynamic voicing constraint. in the onset of syllables with phrasal stress are commonly longer in duration. The duration of a vowel is affected by the voicing of the stop that follows, and in many languages vowels are longer when followed by voiced stops. aspiration as phonetic cues to postnasal. Voiced stops tend to be preceded by longer vowels and produced with a more advanced tongue root than voiceless stops. low-achievement groups duration of oral closure was longer than was that of the high-achievement group, as follows: /s/ + stop + liquid, s/ + stop. ![]()
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